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Backgrounds: Bleomycin (BLM) has been labeled with radioisotopes and widely used in therapy and diagnosis. In this study BLM was labeled with [⁶²Zn] zinc chloride for oncologic PET studies.

Materials and methods: The complex was obtained at the pH=2 in normal saline at 90 ° C in 60 min. Radio-TLC showed an overall radiochemical yield of 95-97% (radiochemical purity > 97%). Stability of complex was checked in vitro in mice and human plasma/urine.

Results: Preliminary in vivo studies performed to determine complex stability and distribution of [⁶²Zn] BLM in normal and fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. [⁶²Zn] BLM accumulated significantly in induced fibrosarcoma tumors in mice according to bio-distribution/imaging studies.

Conclusion: [⁶²Zn] BLM can be used in PET oncology studies due to its suitable physico-chemical properties as a diagnostic complex in vitro and in vivo. Further studies should be performed for evaluation of the complex behavior in higher animals. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2003 1(1): 37 - 44.

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Background: Radioprotective capability of histamine H₂ receptor antagonists have been shown in several in vivo studies mainly using animal models. However, to verify the effectiveness of these agents in clinical applications, studies should be performed on human cells. In the present study radioprotective properties of these agents was examined in vitro on human lymphocytes using metaphase analysis.

Materials and Methods : In vitro metaphase analysis technique was used to test the effects of cimetidine, ranitidine and famotidine on radiation induced clastogenic effects. Lymphocytes in whole peripheral blood were exposed to 3 Gy gamma-rays at a dose rate of 73.7 cGy/min in the presence or absence of various doses of the drugs used in this study. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations were determined after standard metaphase preparations and staining slides in 5% Giemsa.

Results: Results show that radiation produced a high number of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes compared to controls (p<0.001). All three drugs used in this study effectively reduced the frequency of chromosomal aberrations at all doses. Famotidine was found to be more effective than the other two drugs.

Conclusion: From the results obtained it can be concluded that H ₂ -receptor antagonists used in this study effectively reduced the clastogenic effects of radiation with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of 1.5-2 in human lymphocytes in vitro. The way in which these drugs reduce the clastogenic effects of radiation might be via radical scavenging mechanism. Iran . J. Radiat. Res. 2003 1(2): 99 – 104.

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Background: Ultrasound propagation velocity was measured experimentally in normal, fibroadenoma and ductal carcinoma breast tissues, in order to distinguish normal breast tissue from tumors.

Materials and methods: In quantitative measurements of ultrasound velocity, 403 breast tissue images were selected, comprising 130 normal breast tissue, 130 fibroadenoma, and 143 ductal carcinoma tumors. The cases were implanted in breast tissue mimicking materials and ultrasonic images (A-mode) at 35 ° C were processed and evaluated.

Results: It was observed that ultrasound propagation velocity is an important factor for distinguishing in vitro specimens of fibroadenoma and ductal carcinoma from normal tissue (P-value<0.005). Evaluation of ultrasound velocities showed that from normal breast tissue, fibroadenoma and ductal carcinoma, ultrasound velocity increases respectively. The discriminant functions of types of lesions, based on ultrasound velocity, have been formulated by discriminant analysis. The results indicate that probability of discrimination, sensitivity and specificity for tumors and normal breast tissues are 72, 60 and 100 percents at 35 ° C. With measuring ultrasound velocities, we can distinguish normal breast tissue of from ductal carcinoma and fibroadenoma masses (with the probability of 100%).

Conclusion: It is proposed that probably by measuring attenuation coefficient and ultrasound velocity on time, fibroadenoma and ductal carcinoma tumors can be differentiated well. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2003 1(3): 163 – 169

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Background: Logistic discriminant method was applied to differentiate malignant from benign in a group of patients with proved breast lesions on the basis of ultrasonic parameters.

Materials and Methods: Our database include 273 patients' ultrasonographic pictures consisting of 14 quantitative variables. The measured variables were ultrasound propagation velocity, acoustic impedence and attenuation coefficient at 10 MHz in breast lesions at 20, 25, 30 and 35 º C temperature, physicsl density and age. This database was randomly divided into the estimation of 201 and validation of 72 samples. The estimation samples were used to build the logistic
discriminant model, and validation samples were used to validate the performance. Finally,
important criteria such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were evaluated.

Results: Our results showed that the logistic discriminant method was able to classify correctly 67 out of 72 cases presented in the validation sample. The results indicate a remarkable
diagnostic accuracy of 93%.

Conclusion: A logistic discriminantor approach is capable of predicting the probability of
malignancy of breast cancer. Features extracted from ultrasonic measurement on ultrasound imaging is used in this approach. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 27-34

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Background: Due to the potential public health effects of releases of uranium to the environment, isotopic determination and measurement of this radionuclide in environmental samples is very important. Achieving this goal, monitoring programs for this radionuclide seems necessary to be applied in many countries.

Materials and Methods: The uranium was separated from the water samples using anion
exchange resin (Dowex 1×8 Cl^- form) and then purified by electrodeposition or co-precipitation method with Lanthanide fluorides such as Lanthanum fluoride (LaF₃) and finally the prepared source it is counted by Alpha spectrometry.

Results: The activity of ²³⁴U, ²³⁸U and natural uranium (U-nat) in 4 water samples, sent by
Analytical Quality Control Services (AQCS) center of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), were determined and the results were compared with the AQCS laboratories data. The ranges of measured activities for low and high activity samples were from 3.217×10^-3 to 597 Bq/kg respectively.

Conclusion: Since the results were relatively close to the AQCS data, the applied procedure seems to be proper for isotopic uranium determination. It was observed that in case of low
activity level samples, preparing source by co-precipitation method showed more accurate
results. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 35-40

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ABSTRACT

Background: Osteoid osteoma is a benign bony neoplasm and its classic treatment is surgery. In the r ecent decades percutaneous laser therapy was suggested to be replaced by surgery. In this study we have reviewed the results of the first applications of interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) for treatment of osteoid osteoma in Iranian patients.

Materials and Methods: In this case series study, we evaluated 9 known cases of osteoid osteoma that were referred for ILP from orthopedic section of Imam Khomeini hospital during 2001 and 2002. Diagnosis was confirmed by plain X-ray, CT, isotope & MR scan. ILP was done by interventional radiologists of medical imaging center. Percutaneous ILP was performed by Nd-Yag laser, using 400-1000 joules energy (according to nidus size) and adjusting on 2 watts power.

Results: The procedure was successful in all patients. We had pain relief in 24 hours. Follow up from 5 months to one year showed no recurrence.

Conclusion: The procedure is a safe and effective method for patients and could be applied for proper cases.

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Background: Due to volatility of radioactive iodine solutions, usually internal exposure would occur in personnel that are working in nuclear medicine centers. The activities in the thyroid of individual s who work in nuclear medicine centers of North West provinces of Iran were measured using NaI (Sodium Iodide) detectors. In every center, nearly 40 - 500 mCi of ¹³¹ I and 50 - 600 μ Ci of ¹²⁵ I are used for diagnosis or treating patients, as well as monthly protein labeling.

Materials and Methods: A portable measurement instrument was made for this purpose. A collimator with thickness of 10 mm lead thickness of copper alloy with 2 mm was made to
focus the detector on thyroid gland and to reduce the background. Two NaI (Tl) detectors one with lower thickness for ¹²⁵ I and one with higher thickness for ¹³¹I were used for measurement. The goal of these measurements was to determine the activity of radioiodines in the thyroid gland of individuals in medical centers, and to give some advice such as more care at their working place and increasing the power of their venting system for reducing radioiodines exposure. The detectors had been calibrated for ¹²⁵I and ¹³¹I by a locally made ANSI/IAEA Plexiglass neck phantom (ANSI N44.3 1973).

Results: There were not any contamination and thyroid activities of ¹²⁵I in the thyroid glands of personnel. The activity of ¹³¹ I in the thyroid gland of individuals in all centers was lower than 0.4 kBq, and the activity of ¹³¹I in one center was as high as 3.4 kBq. The background of every place was determined and subtracted from each measurement.

Conclusion: The results indicate that more measurements should have been carried out in all nuclear medicine centers to determine the activity of individuals^' thyroid gland in Iran . In addition, the workers of those centers should try to reduce the intake and exposure to ¹³¹I and ¹²⁵I using more care at their working place and more efficient ventilator. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 141-147

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ABSTRACT

Background:

Coherent scattering leads to diffraction effects and especially constructive interferences. These

interferences carry some information about the molecular structure of the tissue. As breast cancer is

the most widespread cancer in women, this project evaluated the application of small angle

X-ray scattering (SAXS) for differentiation between normal and cancerous breast tissues.

Small angle X-ray scattering (to angles less than 10°) is predominantly coherent.

Materials and Methods:

primary collimator, sample holder, secondary collimator and HP Ge detector was used. The best

constructive interference was found to be at 6.5

at several angles of 4, 5, 6, 6.5 and 7.3 degrees. The total number of 99 breast tissue samples,

including normal and tumor were studied at the 6.5

transfer was obtained for each sample.

The energy dispersive method with a set up including X-ray tube,° after doing experiments on adipose breast tissue°. The corrected intensity versus momentum

Results:

adipose tissue and mixed tissue (adipose & fibroglandular) from tumor in peak positions (each

coherent scattering spectrum has a peak that its position is determined by momentum transfer).

Furthermore adipose tissue has shown significantly higher peaks than other breast tissues. Benign

and malignant breast tissues were differentiated by both peak positions and peak heights (each

peak has a height in coherent scattering spectrum). Preservation of samples nitrogen tank had no

effects on molecular structure of the breast tissue.

Adipose tissue shows a sharp peak in low momentum transfer region. It is easy to separate

Conclusion:

between normal, benign and malignant breast tissues.

By energy dispersive small angle X-ray scattering, it is possible to differentiateIran. J. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 205-210

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ABSTRACT

We are reporting a 43-year-old female breast cancer case with a solitary metastatic adenocarcinoma in clivus. This patient with a stage II (T1N1M0) breast cancer history has been followed for 7 years.  Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM) and 6 courses chemotherapy with CMF (Cyclophosphamide, Metotrexate, 5FU) regimen were done for her at the time of diagnosis. Also, she took tamoxifen twenty mg per day for five years. She had no evidence of disease for 6 years. About one year ago she suffered diplopia and headaches for two months. MRI and CT scan studies showed a well defined mass in her clivus. Biopsy of mass was performed and pathologic report was metastatic adenocarcinoma.

 

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  ABSTRACT

  Background : Natural uranium exists in earth crust and seawater. The concentration of uranium might increase by human manipulation or geological changes. The aim of this study was to verify susceptibility of laser flourimetry method to determine the uranium concentration in Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf water.

  Materials and Methods : Laser flourimetric method was used to determine the uranium concentration in several samples prepared from Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf water. Biological and chemical substances were eliminated in samples for better evaluation of the method.

  Results: As the concentration of natural uranium in samples increases, the response of instrument (uranium analyzer) increases accordingly. The standard deviation also increased slightly and gradually.

  Conclusion: Results indicate that the laser flourimetry method show a reliable and accurate response with uranium concentration up to 100 μg/L in samples after removal of biological and organic substances.